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.The Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1946 or the Khost disturbances were a series of tribal revolts in the by, and tribesmen which lasted from 1944 to 1946. The causes laid, among other factors, in the worsening conditions of farmers. Conflict began in April 1944, when government forces were ambushed by a tribal leader named, who led the Zadran tribe in revolt. The Zadran uprising was followed by additional uprisings by the Mangal and Safi. The Afghan government extensively deployed its air force against the rebels, using aircraft to drop leaflets, gun down tribesmen and drop incendiary bombs.
In late 1944, the conflict spilled over into the British Raj, though the rebels were ultimately forced back into Afghanistan due to British aerial bombardment. Mazrak surrendered in late 1946. Contents.Background The causes of the revolts laid in the worsening conditions of farmers. Farmers and landlords were required to forfeit one-third of their harvest to the government, a practice referred to as sekoti. They would then have to transport the harvests to government warehouses in Bar Kunar (Asmar) and Kuz Kanar (Khewa) districts. At the time, this could only be achieved with. It was very commonplace for officials to delay acceptance of the deposit and question the quality of their produce.
In order to be relieved from dues, farmers and landlords would often have to pay bribes.One of the rebel leaders, of, a king of Afghanistan who was deposed in the.According to British records, the Safi uprising was caused by the Afghan government's attempts to institute conscription among the Safi, trading monopolies granted to Afghan merchant companies, and government surveillance. However, Whit Mason attributes the Safi uprising to 'extremely brutal taxation, oppression and poverty'. Conflict Operations in the Southern Province against Mazrak The operations which would be officially dubbed the Operations in the Southern Province against Mazrak began in April 1944. There are multiple accounts as to how this conflict began. According to British records, it began shortly after the Afghan government moved troops into the to reassert their authority in the area, which by then was a safe haven for smugglers. En route, the government force was attacked by a Zadian tribal leader named. According to a later Pakistani inquiry, the conflict began after the Afghan government raided Mazrak's summer homes at the Taragharai hills and his winter home at, since Mazrak was suspected of housing Amanullah loyalist elemnts.
In either case, after his ambush, Mazrak was forced to retreat into the hills following a counterattack by the Afghan government on 22 April 1944. For the following 3 months, Mazrak would carry out small raids from his new headquarters in Surkot. On 25 April, the Afghan government dispatched 6 aircraft to to deal with the uprising, which returned on 21 June. During that operation, the Hind aircraft were focused on dropping leaflets and incendiary bombs. No large explosives were dropped, but there were several instances of hostile tribesmen being gunned down by the aircraft. 2-3 villages were said to have been destroyed by incendiary bombs during this time. On request of the Afghan government, the took precautions to prevent Waziri tribesmen from aiding Mazrak.During the period of 1 August to 31 October 1944, no major aerial operations against Mazrak were undertaken, other than reconnaissance flights.
Around this time, Mazrak was subject to heavy bombardment in British territory, where he was sheltered by local tribesmen, after which he retreated back to Afghan territory. During his brief stay in the British Raj, Mazrak was joined by Sultan Ahmed, a rebel chieftain from Balochistan.
They were later joined by another rebel leader nicknamed Pak.In November 1944, the appearance of a mysterious Malang who posed as the brother of temporarily helped boost Mazrak's fortunes, but lack of money with which to bribe the tribes caused the failure of the movement, and Malang had disappeared into obscurity by March 1945. By this time, the situation of the Afghan government was the most critical since the of 1938 - their aerial capacity was limited by a shortage in bombs, their resources were stretched between the southern and eastern provinces, and the general population was discontented by high prices and a shortage of commodities. Further aerial operations against Mazrak, which included reconnaissance and bombing runs, took place in the Kunar valley from 24 June to 31 October 1945. Sultan Ahmad surrendered in November that same year, and was returned to Balochistan in custody. Despite Ahmad's surrender, Mazrak continued to fight.
Ultimately, after 2 and a half years of resistance, Mazrak and his brother Sher Muhd Khan surrendered to the Afghan government in late 1946. Safi uprising The Safi rose up in either 1944 or 1945 (see ), when they ambushed and captured government troops intended to gather conscripts.
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On 24 June 1945, 4 aircraft were dispatched to Jalalabad to deal with the Safi. Bombs and incendiaries caused extensive damage to Safi villages. One aircraft with 3 bombs, 1 vickers machine gun and 1 Lewis gun was lost during operations against the Safis. Among the villages bombed was the village of Pacheyano Banda as well as Tanar. In one of the bombardments of the latter village, 11 members of a family were killed and the rest of the family members were unable to bury the dead in the village graveyard due to the threat of further bombardment. Instead they buried the dead in front of the family home, where they remained as of 2011.
During this rebellion, it was rumoured among the Safi that the government intended to ship women off to Kabul to become prostitutes. Among the more enthusiastic rebel fighters were younger men with more to gain and less to lose from fighting the government. The Safi elected a monarch of their own, named, as well as a Prime Minister and a Minister of Defence.At one point in the rebellion, Safi rebels looted the government treasury in. Starting in late August 1945, 1,500-2,000 Safi rebels besieged a 400-men strong government garrison at. This siege lasted 14 days, with the Safi being unable to capture Kunar Khas due to the Afghan air force supplying the settlement with food and ammunition. Had the Safi been able to capture Kunar Khas, that may have resulted in the collapse of government control in the eastern province.
PDF Ranchi district the core of Chotanagpur witnessed the saga of tribal. Changing Nature of Tribal Movements in Ranchi District, India: 1830-1925. Uprisings, Oraon and Munda, the two major tribal communities of. The nature of the peasant economy in India has been a subject for academic analysis. The collapse of the Mughal empire, tribal revolts in many parts of India.
By the end of October, most of the Safis, except for a few die-hards had come to terms with the Afghan government. This peace agreement included among other things the abandonment or postponement of Safi conscription. Aerial operations against the Safis in the Kunar valley ended in early November. The last of the Safi were finally defeated in either 1945 or 1946 (see ) by Afghan forces led by future president of Afghanistan.
Among the Safi rebels arrested for the revolt was Persian poet. Following this defeat, the Kunar valley was ethnically cleansed of Safi Pashtuns. Other Safis were exiled to Herat, Kabul or to. The events of this uprising are known as the Year of the Safi ( Safi kal).
Duration The Safi uprising has received very little attention from scholars and researchers. Among the few texts that do discuss the revolt, there is disagreement about when it started and ended. The following table summarizes different information provided by various texts.Start dateEnd dateWorkAuthor(s)Ref19441945Rebuilding Afghanistan's National Army(Journal of the US Army War College)Ali Jalali19441946Afghanistan: Graveyard of Empires: A New History of the BorderlandDavid Isby19451945Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia. Frank Clements.19451946Islam and Politics in AfghanistanAsta Olesen19451946Wanat: Combat Action In Afghanistan, 200819456 months after startThe Rule of Law in Afghanistan: Missing in InactionWhit Mason19461946Revolutions & Rebellions in AfghanistanUnknown?Between February and May 1946British Documents on Foreign Affairs:Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print:Afghanistan, Persia, Turkey and Iraq, 1952Paul PrestonMichael PartridgeMangal uprising The tribe rose up in in June 1945. Aerial reconnaissance operations An incomplete list of aerial reconnaissance operations of note is listed below. Start DateEnd DateDuration (in days)DestinationAircraft involvedNotesRef1944-06-062Khost11944-07-020.083 (2 hours)Khost31944-07-170.083 (2 hours)Khost91945-04-173Matun11945-05-081Matun11945-10-042Matun11945-10-071Matun11945-10-091Matun11945-10-153Matun32 aircraft returned on 14 October, the last returned on 15 October.Aircraft accidents It was rumoured that on one occasion, Afghan aircraft accidentally fired on government troops or allied tribal levies, causing 40 casualties.
There were also a few minor accidents at the Jalalabad airfield, but the aircraft did not incur serious damage. Two aerial officers, Muhd Anwar Khan (pilot) and Abdul Vaqil Khan (observer) were killed in the operations, while another aerial officer, a pilot, fell into the hands of the rebels in the Mazar or Pech Daras, where he was knifed in the back and had his throat cut, but survived after local villagers found him laying unconscious near his aircraft and tended to his wounds. References.
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